Here's a rather astounding study abstract (no full text access) involving V-A, folate, choline:
I can send you the study if you want.
No comments about weight issues ? You didn't notice any weight loss or gain ?
Moderator: ofonorow
Here's a rather astounding study abstract (no full text access) involving V-A, folate, choline:
gofanu wrote:Maj-
The annoying to life threatening effects of deficiency lead me to suggest that everybody increase their V-A, maybe not to my levels, but certainly to Pauling's. This is precisely the situation we know with respect to V-C, and I think numerous other nutrients. The deficiencies are sickening or killing far more people than any possible excess could or will.
FRM
gofanu wrote:K2 is expensive - I am poor, and the research and availability are both changing rapidly. I would probably take 1 mg if I could; since I cannot now, I don't keep the info current - will revisit when cost/finance improves (ha).
gofanu wrote:BTW, my total health care budget is less than $1/day/person. No have Doctor - nor need.
skyorbit wrote:Or is that another area where MK-7 is superior?
skyorbit wrote:Thank you. Does MK4 have a near 100% absorption rate too?
3.14.3 Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
In human diet phylloquinone plays the main role, menaquinones contribute only a small amount of the Vitamin K-supply. Both vitamins are preferably absorbed in the jejunum by a saturable energy-dependent active transport in the presence of bile acids and pancreatic lipase by micelle formation in to the intestinal lymphatic system. The lower the pH value the higher is the absorption rate. In adults the absorption of vitamin K1 occurs with a rapid absorption rate of 60-80%, and by only 30% in the newborn because of the physiologic steatorrhea.
Vitamin K2 formed by intestinal bacteria (E. coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus) located in the terminal ileum and colon requires for absorption also bile acids and pancreatic lipase. It is absorbed by passive, non-saturable transport and only a small part is absorbed.
Vitamin K3, and its water soluble derivatives are independent of bile acids and pancreatic lipase passively absorbed in both the small intestine and the colon and pass directly into the bloodstream.
Distribution
In blood vitamin K is bound to lipoproteins, mainly to the VLDL fraction. The plasma concentration-time curve shows a biphasic course with an initial half-life of 20-30 minutes and a terminal between 120-165 minutes. The single K-vitamins are unevenly distributed in the body.
Storage
The naturally occurring vitamins K1 and K2 accumulate primarily in the liver but also in adrenal, kidney, lung and bone marrow. The storage capacity of the liver is low and will cover a vitamin deficiency for 1-2 weeks. Hardly any Vitamin K3 is found in the liver and receives vitamin K activity only after alkylation of C3, it spreads more quickly in the body and is also rapidly eliminated. Adults over 60 years have higher plasma phyllochinon level than younger under 40. These differences are caused by the plasma triglyceride concentrations, which increase with age. From this sometimes a good vitamin K status is erroneously assumed for older people. However, if one refers triglycerides-concentrations to phyllochinone-concentrations we obtain the ratio of phylloquinone: triglyceride levels lower in older than in younger ones, indicating a poorer vitamin K status. Furthermore, the phyllochinone-conzentrations in plasma are influenced by the polymorphism of apolipoprotein E in accordance with the hepatic clearance rate of the ApoE genotypes (carbon Meier et al. 1995, Saupe et al. 1993).
Biotransformation and elimination
Vitamin K1 and K2 are more than 50% excreted by bile with the feces and only 20% by shortening the side chain by ß-oxidation in the form of glucuronides via the kidney. The metabolism and excretion of vitamin K3 is fast in comparison to vitamin K1. Of the metabolites and excretion products of menadione only 2-methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone-1,4-diglucuronide and the 2-methyl-1,4-hydroxy-1-naphthylsulfat have been identified, which are 70% eliminated by the urine. The majority of the metabolites could not be characterized (monograph vitamin K and vitamin K analogues, 1989).
Recent bioavailability studies in healthy men have shown that administration of similar doses of vitamin K1 and K2 in 400 g spinach (vitamin K1) and in 200 g natto (fermented Japanese soy products, vitamin K2), circulating vitamin K2 concentrations were more than 10-times higher than those of K1, (Schurgers and Vermeer 2000). The relatively low bio-availability of K from the diet (approximately 2- to 5-fold lower than that of free vitamin K supplements) is attributed to the weak binding of phylloquinone to the plant chloroplasts and the low release efficiency in the digestive tract (Garber et al 1999th ). Moreover, the apparent half-life of vitamin K2 in circulation is much longer than that of K1 (Schurgers and Vermeer 2000). This may have physiological consequences, since as soon as vitamin K is taken up by the liver or other tissues, there is no efficient mechanism to transfer the intact molecule back into the vascular system. The longer plasma half-life of vitamin K2, implies that it is available for extrahepatic tissues such as bone for a longer duration than phylloquinone.
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